Discuss the landfill liners & Covers

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Landfill liners and covers are critical components in modern waste disposal systems, designed to protect the environment and public health by controlling leachate, gas emissions, and the infiltration of water. Landfills, if unmanaged, can become sources of contamination for soil, groundwater, and surface water, releasing pollutants such as heavy metals, organic compounds, and pathogens. The implementation of engineered liners and covers serves as a barrier between the waste and the surrounding environment, reducing the risk of pollution and enabling safer long-term disposal of solid wastes. Landfill liners are primarily installed at the base of the landfill to prevent leachate from seeping into the underlying soil and groundwater. There are two main types of liners: natural and synthetic. Natural liners typically consist of compacted clay, chosen for its low permeability and ability to restrict the movement of liquids. Clay liners are effective because the fine particles of clay swell when wet, forming a dense barrier that limits fluid flow. However, they can be prone to cracking and drying, which may compromise their integrity over time. To improve performance, clay liners are often combined with synthetic liners to form composite systems. Synthetic liners, commonly made from high-density polyethylene (HDPE), linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), or polyvinyl chloride (PVC), offer high chemical resistance and durability. HDPE liners are widely used due to their flexibility, resistance to punctures, and ability to maintain integrity under varying environmental conditions. These liners can withstand a range of temperatures and chemical exposures, making them suitable for landfills handling municipal solid waste, hazardous waste, and industrial byproducts. The installation process for synthetic liners requires careful placement and welding of seams to ensure a continuous, impermeable layer. Composite liners, which combine a natural clay layer with a synthetic membrane, are often considered the most effective solution for modern landfills. The clay provides additional resistance to leachate migration, while the synthetic layer offers chemical protection and minimizes permeability. Beneath the liner, a layer of compacted soil or granular ____________ ______ ____ ____________ ______ ______ ____ ____________ _____ _______ _______ ____________ _________.
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Degree : DIPLOMA PROGRAMMES
Course Name : Certificate in Solid Wastes Treatment Techniques
Course Code : CSWATT
Subject Name : Disposal of Wastes
Subject Code : BWA 4
Year : 2023