Question
What is the difference between juxtacrine and paracrine signalling.
Juxtacrine and paracrine signaling are two distinct mechanisms of cell communication that play crucial roles in the regulation of various physiological processes in multicellular organisms, including vertebrates. These signaling pathways involve the transmission of signals between cells, but they differ in the way these signals are delivered and the range of __________ __________ ____________ _____________ _______ __________ ______ ___ __________ _______ ____ __________ __________ _____ ___________.
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Describe the specializations found in ruminant stomachs.
Write one difference between somatic and visceral arteries.
Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
a) ………………. is the extension of egg cytoplasm around the entering sperm head.
b) Inhibitor of microfilament formation such as ……………… prevents the formation of fertilization cone.
c) The early response for the entry of sperm into the egg is prevention of ………………. .
d) The ………………. for polyspermy is mediated by the electrical depolarization of egg plasma membrane.
e) The slow block to polyspermy is achieved by …………… reaction.
a) In fishes the …………………. covers the brain and spinal cord.
b) Reptiles and birds have a double membrane made up of …………… and …………………. to protect the brain.
c) In lower vertebrates the epithalamus forms …………………. and …………………. .
Chose the correct answer form alternatives provided.
a) Fertilization is responsible for the activation/arrest of development.
b) Activation of the sperm ensures/does not ensure that sperm will meet the egg.
c) In organisms with external/internal fertilization, chemotactic mechanisms have been evolved to attract the sperm towards the egg.
d) A period of maturation in the female reproductive tract required for the transformation of sperm is known as activation/capactiation.
e) Sperm using an enzyme called acrosin/hyaluronidase penetrate their way through zona pellucida.
List at least three stages in gene expression that can be regulated to result in differentiated cell types? Explain any one of them with the help of an example
What is the function of amniotic fluid? How are substances exchanged between the embryonic and maternal blood?
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