Question
What is the function of amniotic fluid? How are substances exchanged between the embryonic and maternal blood?
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Write one difference between somatic and visceral arteries.
What is a signal transduction pathway? Write out its steps in the order they would occur in a target cell.
Indicate the following changes that occur during metamorphosis in amphibians either as progressive or regressive or remodeling:
a) The development of middle ear in connection with the pharyngeal pouch.
b) The change in the shape of the mouth and the shortening and reduction of the cloacal tube.
c) Disappearance of lateral line organs of skin and reduction of blood vessels.
d) The differentiation of brain.
e) The changes in the portal system and the changes in the vascular system to supply blood to the lungs.
What are the peculiar features of respiratory system of agnathans?
a) In fishes the …………………. covers the brain and spinal cord.
b) Reptiles and birds have a double membrane made up of …………… and …………………. to protect the brain.
c) In lower vertebrates the epithalamus forms …………………. and …………………. .
What is the major modification that occurs in reptilian aortic arches?
What are precaval veins?
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