What are different urban livelihood concerns? Discuss the framework and strategies for sustainable livelihoods.

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Urban areas are centers of economic activity, social interaction, and innovation, yet they face a multitude of livelihood concerns due to rapid urbanization, demographic pressures, and environmental stress. Urban livelihood concerns primarily arise from inadequate employment opportunities, unequal income distribution, informal employment prevalence, housing insecurity, and limited access to essential services such as healthcare, education, water, and sanitation. In many cities, particularly in developing countries, the informal sector dominates, providing employment to a significant proportion of the urban population, but often without social protection, job security, or decent working conditions. Migrants from rural areas frequently face challenges in integrating into urban labor markets, encountering discrimination, lack of skills, and unstable housing. In addition, rising living costs and urban poverty exacerbate vulnerability, making households susceptible to shocks such as illness, natural disasters, or economic downturns. Environmental degradation, including air and water pollution, flooding, and the loss of green spaces, further compromises urban livelihoods, particularly for populations dependent on local natural resources or exposed to climate risks. Women, children, and marginalized communities often bear disproportionate burdens, experiencing restricted access to economic opportunities, mobility, and social networks, which limits their ability to sustain livelihoods and improve living standards. Urban livelihood concerns are thus multifaceted, intersecting economic, social, and environmental dimensions, demanding comprehensive frameworks for sustainable development. A sustainable livelihoods framework provides a structured approach to understanding the complexities of urban livelihoods and designing strategies to enhance resilience, reduce vulnerability, and promote inclusive growth. The framework considers the assets or capitals that households and communities utilize to secure a living. These typically include human capital (skills, knowledge, health), social capital (networks, relationships, support systems), financial capital (income, savings, credit access), physical capital (infrastructure, transport, housing), ______ __________ _________ _____ __________ ____ ____.
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Degree : MASTER DEGREE PROGRAMMES
Course Name : Master of Arts (Urban Studies)
Course Code : MAUS
Subject Name : Sustainable Development and Smart Cities
Subject Code : MEDS -048
Year : 2024 2025