Explain the characteristics of relational model. What are the various relational algebraic operations? Explain each relational algebraic operation with the help of an example

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The relational model is a database model based on the concept of a relation, which is essentially a table with rows and columns. It was developed by E.F. Codd in the 1970s and is widely used in modern database management systems. The characteristics of the relational model include:

1. Structure: Data is organized into tables with predefined columns and rows. Each column represents an attribute, and each row represents a record.

2. Integrity: The relational model enforces data integrity through constraints such as primary keys, foreign keys, and referential integrity rules. This ensures the accuracy and consistency of the data.

3. Flexibility: The model allows for dynamic data manipulation and retrieval. It supports various operations to perform complex queries, filtering, sorting, and joining of tables.

4. Independence: The relational model provides a separation between the logical and physical aspects of the database. This allows for easier modifications to the database structure without affecting the application programs that ___ ________ _____________ _________ ______ __ ______ __________ _____ _________.
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Degree : PG DIPLOMA PROGRAMMES
Course Name : POST GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
Course Code : PGDCA_NEW
Subject Name : Database Management Systems
Subject Code : MCS 207
Year : 2022 2023