The OSI model is not a single definition of how data communications actually takes place in the real world. It is functionally layered and numerous protocols exist at each layer. Explain these layers in detail.

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The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a conceptual framework that standardizes the functions of a telecommunication or computing system without regard to its underlying internal structure and technology. The purpose of the OSI model is to guide product developers and facilitate communication between different systems by dividing the communication process into seven distinct layers. Each layer performs specific functions and communicates with the layers directly above and below it. While it is a theoretical model, in real-world data communication, multiple protocols exist at each layer to accomplish the necessary tasks. Understanding these layers in detail helps in comprehending how data moves from one device to another across a network. The first layer is the Physical Layer, which is responsible for the transmission and reception of raw bit streams over a physical medium. It deals with the hardware components involved in networking, such as cables, switches, hubs, network interface cards, and the electrical or optical signals that __________ _________ __ _____________ ____ ___________ __________ __________.
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Degree : MASTER DEGREE PROGRAMMES
Course Name : Master of Science (Information Security)Master of Science (Information Security)
Course Code : MSCIS
Subject Name : Introduction to Information Security
Subject Code : MSEI 21
Year : 2023