Define infiltration. Describe the procedure of its measurements. Enlist different factors affecting infiltration. 

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Infiltration is the process by which water from precipitation enters the soil and is stored in the unsaturated zone. It is a crucial component of the water balance in a catchment, as it can affect the amount of runoff and groundwater recharge. Measuring infiltration is important for understanding the hydrologic processes in a catchment and for planning and design purposes, such as determining the feasibility of a recharge basin or the required size of a drainage system.

There are several methods for measuring infiltration, including:

1. Infiltration tests: Infiltration tests are field-based measurements that determine the rate at which water can enter the soil. The most common infiltration test is the double-ring infiltrometer test, which involves installing two concentric rings in the soil and measuring the rate of water infiltration between the rings.

2. Auger hole tests: Auger hole tests involve digging a hole in the soil and measuring the rate of water infiltration into the hole. The hole can be left open or filled with a permeable material, such as sand, to simulate different infiltration conditions.

3. Borehole tests: Borehole tests involve drilling a hole into the soil and measuring the rate of water infiltration into the hole. This method can be used to determine the vertical distribution of infiltration rates in the soil.

4. Continuous monitoring: Continuous monitoring of infiltration involves installing instruments in the soil, such as tensiometers or heat dissipation probes, to continuously measure the water content or tension in the soil. This method can provide valuable information about the temporal and spatial variability of infiltration rates in the soil.

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Degree : DIPLOMA PROGRAMMES
Course Name : Diploma in Watershed Management
Course Code : DWM
Subject Name : Elements of Hydrology
Subject Code : BNRI 102
Year : 2023