What are different urban livelihood concerns? Discuss the framework and strategies for sustainable livelihoods.

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Urban areas are centers of economic activity, social interaction, and cultural exchange, yet they face a myriad of challenges concerning livelihoods. Urban livelihood concerns are diverse, encompassing issues of employment, income security, housing, access to basic services, social protection, environmental sustainability, and social equity. One of the primary concerns is the mismatch between available employment opportunities and the skills of the urban population. Rapid urbanization often leads to an influx of migrants seeking jobs, resulting in informal employment, underemployment, and precarious work conditions. Informal sector workers, who often dominate urban economies, face insecurity due to lack of contracts, social protection, and labor rights. This creates a cycle of vulnerability where families are unable to plan for the future, invest in education, or maintain health and well-being. Another significant urban livelihood concern is the rising cost of living, particularly housing and utilities. High rents and property prices force low-income groups into substandard living conditions or informal settlements, which often lack sanitation, clean water, and safe waste disposal. Such living conditions not only affect physical and mental health but also limit opportunities for income generation. Moreover, urban transport systems, though essential for accessing jobs, can be costly and time-consuming, reducing the effective income and productivity of urban residents. Environmental degradation in cities, including air and water pollution, limited green spaces, and ________ ___ __ _______ __________ ______ ___________ ___________.
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Degree : MASTER DEGREE PROGRAMMES
Course Name : Master of Arts (Urban Studies)
Course Code : MAUS
Subject Name : Sustainable Development and Smart Cities
Subject Code : MEDS -048
Year : 2024 2025