How was the irrigation system in Harappa different from Mesopotamia?

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The irrigation systems of Harappa and Mesopotamia were integral to the development of their respective civilizations. Both regions, situated in river valleys, relied on advanced agricultural techniques to sustain large populations and support urbanization. However, the systems they used for irrigation were quite distinct due to geographical, environmental, and cultural differences.

### Geography and Environmental Context

The Harappan civilization, also known as the Indus Valley Civilization, flourished between 3300 BCE and 1300 BCE in the northwest Indian subcontinent, primarily along the Indus River and its tributaries, such as the Ravi, Chenab, and Sutlej. The region had a relatively high amount of rainfall compared to Mesopotamia, which lay between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in the Middle East. While the Tigris-Euphrates valley was prone to unpredictable and seasonal flooding, the Indus River provided a more stable and predictable water supply. These differences in environmental conditions greatly influenced the irrigation systems in each civilization.

### Irrigation in Mesopotamia

Mesopotamia was located in a region characterized by a hot, arid climate and irregular rainfall patterns. The Tigris and Euphrates Rivers were critical for the survival of its societies, but their flooding was often unpredictable, which made it difficult to rely solely on natural flood cycles for agriculture. Therefore, the Mesopotamians developed complex irrigation systems to control and manage water for farming.

The key features of the Mesopotamian irrigation system included the construction of canals, dikes, and reservoirs to divert water from the rivers. They employed a system of “broad irrigation,” ______ __ _______ __________ ______ __ ____ __________ ________ ___________.
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Degree : MASTER DEGREE PROGRAMMES
Course Name : Master of Arts in History
Course Code : MAH
Subject Name : Ancient and Medieval Societies
Subject Code : MHI 1
Year : 2024 2025