Give a detailed account of the various mediums used for writing and communication in different civilizations.

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Ancient writers wrote on a variety of other materials besides papyrus, including pottery, animal hides, wood, and even ancient paper. There was, to a certain extent, a progression over time from the use of papyrus to parchment and later, paper. However, the unique characterstics of each material often lended them particular uses which were maintained over the centuries.

The Michigan Papyrus Collection has examples of many, varied types of writing materials - click on a material below to learn more about it. Each page contains information about that material as well as images of examples from the collection. In some cases, a link to the APIS entry for the example text is also available, providing detailed information, images and translations. Just click on the bull!.

In the history of how writing systems have evolved in human civilizations, more complete writing systems were preceded by proto-writing, systems of ideographic or early mnemonic symbols (symbols or letters that make remembering them easier). True writing, in which the content of a linguistic utterance is encoded so that another reader can reconstruct, with a fair degree of accuracy, the exact utterance written down, is a later development. It is distinguished from proto-writing, which typically avoids encoding grammatical words and affixes, making it more difficult or even impossible to reconstruct the exact meaning intended by the writer unless a great deal of context is already known in advance.

The history of communication technologies (media and appropriate inscription tools) have evolved in tandem with shifts in political and economic systems, and by extension, systems of power. Communication can range from very subtle processes of exchange, to full conversations and mass communication. The history of communication itself can be traced back since the origin of speech circa 100,000 BCE. The use of technology in communication may be considered since the first use of symbols about 30,000 years BCE. Among the symbols used, there are cave paintings, petroglyphs, pictograms and ideograms. Writing was a major innovation, as well as printing technology and, more recently, telecommunications and the Internet.

Human communication was initiated with the origin of speech approximately 100,000 BCE. Symbols were developed about 30,000 years ago. The imperfection of speech allowed easier dissemination of ideas and eventually resulted in the creation of new forms of communications, improving both the range at which _______ ___ _____________ ____ ______ ___________ ____________ _________ ___ ___________ ____________ ____________ _____________ __.
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Degree : MASTER DEGREE PROGRAMMES
Course Name : Master of Arts in History
Course Code : MAH
Subject Name : Ancient and Medieval Societies
Subject Code : MHI 1
Year : 2022 2023