Explain the principles and process of extension education. Describe the teaching methods in watershed extension.

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Principles of Extension Education

Principles are the fundamental laws and rules discovered by educational researches and proven by years of experiences that now serve as guide lines for educational endeavors which necessary for an extension worker.  Some of this related to agricultural extension is given here.

1.  Principle of Interest and Needs:
 
The rural people should voluntarily participate in the extension work.  Extension work must be based on the needs and interests of the people.  These interest and needs differ form individual to individual, form village to village, form block to block and form state to state and therefore there cannot be one programmes for all people.
To be effective, extension work must begin with the interested and needs of the people.  Many times the interests of the rural people are not the interest of the extension worker.  Even though the sees the needs of the people better than they do themselves, he must begin with the beds and interests as they (the people) see them.

2.  Principle of Cultural Difference:

The educational methods should be in line with the culture of the people in order to make extension education effective.  Extension work is based of the cultural background of the people with whom the work is done.  Improvement can only begin form the level of the extension worker has to know the level of the knowledge and the skills of the people methods and tools used by them, their customs, traditions, beliefs, values etc. before starting the extension programme.
 In’ a vast country, like India different extension methods need to be used for different states, as people in these states differ in their thinking living and culture.  The blueprint of the extension programme developed for one area may not be applicable as such in another area but it can serve as a guide in similar cultural areas.

3.  Principle of Cultural Change:

To change the behaviors of the people through extension education, the extension worker should gain the confidence of the rural people.  It is obvious that the change agent who works personally with the villagers must know what the villagers know and what they think.  They should believe that what the extension worker says has relevance to their daily life.  For example, extension worker shows same demonstrations or trials on the farmer’s field.  He gave the information about positive and negative point of that trial and also discus the about their difficulties with the farmers.  Then the farmers that, he is doing for their welfare only.  Taking the changes in the needs of the rural people into account the extension worker has to change his area of work.  The situation prevailing twenty years ago when the extension service started and today is quite different, and therefore, with growth and development the extension work has to be changed to meet the cultural changes among the people.

4.  Principle of Participation:

 The participation of the people is of fundamental importance of the success of any educational endeavor.  People must share in the development of a programme and must feel that it is their own programme.  Good extension work helps the rural people identifying their problems and then helping them in solving these problems, people will not feel attached to the work if they are given ready-made things.  Extension helps people to help themselves.  Actual participation and experience of people in these programmes creates self-confidence in them and also they learn more by doing.

5.  Principle of Adaptability in the Use of Teaching Methods:

People differ form each other, one group differs form another group and conditions also differ form place to place.  These people differ in their level of understanding and knowledge and therefore, only one extension method will not be of use in providing information to all, An extension programme should be flexible, so that necessary changes can be made whenever needed to meet the varying conditions.
No single extension teaching method is effective under all situations.  Written material will be of use for those who can read it, radio programmes for those who have radio, meetings for those who can attend.  Like these different situations requires difference teaching methods.  New situations also arise where a special combination of method is necessary.  Research show that, the use of more than one extension method carries the message effectively to the people.

Thus the extension methods must have flexibility to be adapted to members of a community who differ in age, education, economic and social status.

6.  The Grass Toots Principle of Organization:

A group of rural people in local community should sponsor extension work.  The programme should fit in with the local conditions.  The aim of organizing the local group is to demonstrate the value of the new practices or programs so that more people would participate.
Different groups work in rural communities.  The extension worker should pay attention to the needs and interests of these groups while planning extension programmes.  In same places the extension programmes are thrust on the people and the imposed innovations; many times have no relevance to the interests of these small groups.  Unless the farmers feel that the ideas coming to them are useful they will not come ahead to adopt them.  As the buildings ____ ______ ___ ___________ _________ ____________ ___________ __________ __ ______ _____ ____________ _______.
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Degree : DIPLOMA PROGRAMMES
Course Name : Diploma in Watershed Management
Course Code : DWM
Subject Name : Funding, Monitoring Evaluation and Capacity Building
Subject Code : BNRI 107
Year : 2023