Explain the Pathophysiology of Emphysema

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Emphysema is a chronic and progressive lung condition that falls under the umbrella term of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It is characterized by the destruction of lung tissue, specifically the alveoli, which are responsible for gas exchange. The pathophysiology of emphysema involves a complex interplay of genetic predisposition and environmental factors, primarily tobacco smoke exposure. This article aims to provide a comprehensive explanation of the pathophysiology of emphysema, shedding light on the cellular and molecular processes that contribute to its development and progression.

1. Risk Factors and Etiology:

The primary risk factor for emphysema is cigarette smoking. Approximately 85-90% of all cases of emphysema are linked to smoking, making it the most significant causative factor. Other risk factors include exposure to environmental pollutants (e.g., air pollution, industrial fumes, and secondhand smoke), a genetic predisposition, and certain respiratory infections. Smoking introduces harmful particles and gases into the lungs, triggering a cascade of inflammatory responses that ultimately lead to emphysema.

2. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms:

The pathophysiology of emphysema is characterized by an imbalance between proteolytic enzymes and antiproteases, particularly involving neutrophil elastase, which plays a central role. Normally, the lungs have a delicate balance of proteases and antiproteases to maintain the integrity of the lung tissue. Neutrophil elastase, released by inflammatory cells like neutrophils, degrades damaged or infected tissue to facilitate healing.

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Degree : BACHELOR DEGREE PROGRAMMES
Course Name : Post Basic Bachelor of Science in Nursing
Course Code : B.Sc.N.(PB)
Subject Name : MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSING
Subject Code : BNS 206
Year : 2023