Discuss the reconstruction of administrative, legal and educational system of France under Napoleon Bonaparte. 

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Napoleon Bonaparte, one of the most influential figures in European history, played a significant role in reshaping France, particularly in its administrative, legal, and educational systems. After his rise to power in the aftermath of the French Revolution, Napoleon sought to consolidate his authority and create a stable, efficient state. His reforms in these key areas not only transformed France but also left a lasting legacy across Europe.

### Administrative Reorganization

Napoleon’s approach to administration was focused on centralization and efficiency. Before his reign, France had a fragmented administrative structure with local aristocrats wielding substantial power. Napoleon, aware of the instability this caused, sought to streamline the administrative apparatus of the state. The reforms he implemented created a more centralized government under his control, with clear hierarchies and a standardized system of governance.

One of his first measures was the reorganization of the territorial divisions of France. In 1790, the National Assembly had divided France into 83 departments, but under Napoleon, this system was reinforced and reorganized to ensure uniformity and control. He divided the country into departments, which were further subdivided into arrondissements, cantons, and communes. These divisions were directly controlled by officials appointed by the central government, ensuring greater oversight over local affairs. This centralized system allowed for easier collection of taxes, better enforcement of laws, and stronger control over the population.

Napoleon also established the *prefecture system*, where each department was administered by a prefect. The prefect was responsible for implementing national laws and policies within his department. The prefects were appointed directly by the Emperor and were accountable only to him, which ensured that local governance was tightly aligned with national objectives. This helped strengthen Napoleon's control over France, reducing the influence of local and regional elites.

Moreover, Napoleon streamlined the bureaucracy by creating a professional civil service. Bureaucrats, known as *fonctionnaires*, were selected based on merit, often from the newly ____________ ______ _____________ ________ ________ __ ____________.
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Degree : BACHELOR DEGREE PROGRAMMES
Course Name : Bachelor of Arts (Honours)
Course Code : BA
Subject Name : History of Modern Europe -I (c.1780 -1939)
Subject Code : BHIC 111
Year : 2024 2025