) Discuss the causes and pathophysiology of Chronic kidney disease.

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Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive and irreversible condition that affects the kidneys' ability to function properly. It is a global health problem, with millions of people suffering from its consequences. CKD significantly impacts the quality of life and increases the risk of cardiovascular complications. Understanding the causes and pathophysiology of CKD is crucial for early detection, management, and prevention of the disease.

Causes of Chronic Kidney Disease:

1. Diabetes Mellitus:
Diabetes is the leading cause of CKD. Persistent high blood glucose levels in diabetes can damage the small blood vessels and nephrons (the filtering units of the kidneys). This condition, known as diabetic nephropathy, gradually impairs kidney function over time.

2. Hypertension:
Uncontrolled high blood pressure can lead to CKD by causing damage to the blood vessels in the kidneys. The kidneys regulate blood pressure, and when hypertension persists, it creates a vicious cycle of damage and worsens renal function.

3. Glomerulonephritis:
Glomerulonephritis refers to inflammation of the glomeruli, the tiny structures responsible for filtering blood in the kidneys. Various factors, such as infections, autoimmune disorders, and certain drugs, can cause glomerulonephritis and lead to CKD.

4. Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD):
PKD is a genetic disorder where fluid-filled cysts develop in the kidneys. These cysts progressively enlarge and damage the surrounding kidney tissue, affecting kidney function.

5. Urinary Tract Obstruction:
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Degree : BACHELOR DEGREE PROGRAMMES
Course Name : Post Basic Bachelor of Science in Nursing
Course Code : B.Sc.N.(PB)
Subject Name : MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSING
Subject Code : BNS 206
Year : 2023