Question
What is a signal transduction pathway? Write out its steps in the order they would occur in a target cell.
A signal transduction pathway is a series of molecular events that allows a cell to respond to an extracellular signal or stimulus. These pathways are crucial for cellular communication and coordination of various physiological processes. In the context of Comparative Anatomy and Developmental Biology of Vertebrates, understanding signal transduction pathways is essential to comprehend how organisms regulate their development, growth, and responses to environmental cues.
The general steps of a signal transduction pathway in a target cell can be outlined as follows:
1. Reception:
- The pathway is initiated when a signaling molecule (ligand) binds to a specific receptor protein on the cell membrane or inside the cell.
- Receptors are often proteins with binding sites ________ ______ ___ _____________ ___________ _________.
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a) In fishes the …………………. covers the brain and spinal cord.
b) Reptiles and birds have a double membrane made up of …………… and …………………. to protect the brain.
c) In lower vertebrates the epithalamus forms …………………. and …………………. .
What are the peculiar features of respiratory system of agnathans?
Indicate the following changes that occur during metamorphosis in amphibians either as progressive or regressive or remodeling:
a) The development of middle ear in connection with the pharyngeal pouch.
b) The change in the shape of the mouth and the shortening and reduction of the cloacal tube.
c) Disappearance of lateral line organs of skin and reduction of blood vessels.
d) The differentiation of brain.
e) The changes in the portal system and the changes in the vascular system to supply blood to the lungs.
Name the organs derived from:
a) Dorsal mesoderm
b) Lateral plate mesoderm
Briefly write the functions of the following hormones secreted in mammals.
a) Adrenocoricotropic hormone
b) Parathormone
c) Aldosterone
d) Testosterone
e) Progesterone
How is EMT used in the embryo and in the adult?
How do bats prevent getting deaf from their high frequency calls? How do they get information about the immediate environment?
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