Question
How would you define a ligand in cell-to cell signalling?
In cell-to-cell signaling, a ligand is a molecule that plays a crucial role in transmitting information between cells. Ligands are typically small molecules or proteins that can bind to specific receptors on the surface of target cells, initiating a cellular response. The binding of a ligand to its corresponding receptor is a fundamental mechanism by which cells communicate with each other in various physiological processes and signaling pathways.
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Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
a) ………………. is the extension of egg cytoplasm around the entering sperm head.
b) Inhibitor of microfilament formation such as ……………… prevents the formation of fertilization cone.
c) The early response for the entry of sperm into the egg is prevention of ………………. .
d) The ………………. for polyspermy is mediated by the electrical depolarization of egg plasma membrane.
e) The slow block to polyspermy is achieved by …………… reaction.
Match the following:
| i) Femoral glands | a) Birds |
| ii) Uropygial glands | b) Crocodiles |
| iii) Scent glands | c) Lizards |
| iv) Mammry | d) Eye lids of mammals |
| v) Meibomian glands | e) Famale mammals |
| vi) Sebaccous glands | f) Mammals |
Write one difference between somatic and visceral arteries.
What is the role of ductus arteriosus in bird’s circulatory system?
What is the major modification that occurs in reptilian aortic arches?
How is EMT used in the embryo and in the adult?
What is a signal transduction pathway? Write out its steps in the order they would occur in a target cell.
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